Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia and en bloc ligation of the renal hilum for management of inflammatory renal diseases

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aims to improve laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques for inflammatory renal diseases (IRD) and to reduce complications. Materials and Methods Thirty-three patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD, with a method of outside Gerota fascia dissection and en-bloc ligation and division of the renal pedicle. Operative time, blood loss, complications, analgesia requirement, post-operative recovery of intestinal function and hospital stay were recorded. The degrees of perinephric adhesion were classified based on the observation during operation and post-operative dissection of the specimen, and the association of different types of adhesion with the difficulty of the procedures was examined. Results Among 33 cases, three were converted to hand-assisted laparoscopy, and one was converted to open surgery. Mean operative time was 99.6±29.2min, and blood loss was 75.2±83.5 mL. Postoperative recovery time of intestinal function was 1.6±0.7 days and average hospital stay was 4.8±1.4 days. By classification and comparison of the perinephric adhesions, whether inflammation extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum was found to be not only an important factor influencing the operative time and blood loss, but also the main reason for conversion to hand-assisted laparoscopy or open surgery. Conclusions In laparoscopic nephrectomy, outside Gerota fascia dissection of the kidney and en-bloc ligation of the renal pedicle using EndoGIA could reduce the difficulty of procedure and operative time, with satisfactory safety and reliability. Inflammation and adhesion extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum is an important predictor of the difficulty related to laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD.

Xanthogranulonatous pyelonephritis: report of 5 cases / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis in which the renal parenchyma is destroyed and replaced by lipid-laden foamy macrophages. It usually affects middle-aged women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection, diabetes, or kidney stones. The inflammatory process is usually diffuse and can extend beyond the kidney. The rare focal forms may simulate primary renal tumours. The preoperative imaging diagnosis may be difficult. We reported five cases of XGP, The findings of ours were recorded including kidney size, shape, contour, the echogenecity of the renal parenchyma, the internal echoes of the dilate collecting system, the presence of perinephric fluid accumulation and obstruction. One of the 5 cases was a male patient, and the other four were female, with a mean age of 53 years. He affected kidneys of the 5 cases swelled in different degrees, and one of them was found with line-like anechoic fluid. Among the 5 cases, one kidney appeared as diffusely reducing of the parenchyma echogenicity, multiple hypoechoic areas, disappearance of corticomedullary differentiation and multiple hyperecho with shadow. A round cystic anechoic lesion was found in one kidney, with internal punctate echo and peripheral fluid. Ultrasonographic finding of 1 case was extremely hypoechoic lesion on the left kidney, protruding from the outline of the kidney, with the partial renal capsule discontinuous, the less clear boundary, and a little blood flow in it. Ultrasonographic demonstration of 2 cases was mild dilatation of the collecting system with irregular wall thickening and internal hypoechogenicity, and 1 case was solid lesion with less clear boundary to the pelvic wall and a small amount of blood flow signal, the another 1 case was showed floccule without internal blood flow. Three cases were caused by chronic obstruction verified by operation, of which one was staghorn calculi, one was poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in the middle part of the ureter, and one was inflammatory stricture of upper ureteral. Through analysis of the above five cases and review of related literature, we explored diagnoses and management of the patients with XGP. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare chronic variant of pyelonephritis characterized by destruction of the renal parenchyma. Combining ultrasonographic features of XGP with clinical recurrent urinary infection and chronic obstruction, XGP can be included in the differentiation. The diagnosis of XGP suspected by ultrasound can be clarified by CT, MRI, contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGPN) in a Child with Multiple Ureteric Calculi.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) is an unusual suppurative granulomatous reaction to chronic renal infection, often in the presence of chronic obstruction, characterised histologically by granulomatous reaction with giant cells and foamy histiocytes1. XGPN is rare in children2. We report a case of XGPN, in a child with multiple lower ureteric calculi. An 11 year old male child presented to us, with features suggestive of acute pyelonephritis of two months duration.complete evaluation including contrast CT of the abdomen a diagnosis of XGPN was made. As the renal unit in question was non functional, he was treated successfully by subcapsular nephrectomy. This case is presented to emphasise the fact that, it is very important to diagnose XGPN early and differentiate it from chronic pyelonephritis. Prolonged antibiotic therapy and surgery is invariably required to relieve the obstruction and to eradicate the infection in patients with XGPN.

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: estudio retrospectivo de 8 casos / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a retrospective study of 8 cases

Hemos revisado las características clínicas, radiológicas y patológicas de la pielonefritis xan-togranulomatosa junto con la evolución de la enfermedad y una revisión bibliográfica de la misma. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo en nuestro centro, obteniendo una muestra de 8 casos confirmados por anatomía patológica a través de los que describimos las características clínicas y diagnósticas. De los 8 casos (1 varón y 7 mujeres), 6 de ellos debutaron como cólico renal complicado, 1 se presentó con astenia y pérdida de peso y el otro caso fue un hallazgo incidental. El diagnóstico inicial se realizó mediante ecografía en 2 casos y TC en todos los casos, siendo confirmados todos mediante estudio histopatológico.

We have revised the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of Xanthogranuloma-tous pyelonephritis (XGP), together with the evolution of the disease and a literature review of the same. A retrospective study was performed at our center, obtaining a sample of 8 pathologically confirmed cases which we used to describe the clinical and diagnostic features. Of the 8 cases (1 male and 7 female), 6 of them presented complicated renal colic, one presented asthenia and weight loss and the other case was an incidental finding. The initial diagnosis was achieved with ultrasonography in 2 of the cases and with CT in all of the cases, all being confirmed by a histopathological study.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: are there predictive factors for success?

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is currently associated with great operative difficulty and surgical complications. Herein, we report on our single-center experience and describe predictive factors for successfully accomplishing this procedure. METHOD: Between March 1998 and April 2010, 66 patients (27 men and 39 women) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney. These patients had previous diagnoses of renal chronic inflammation associated with calculi and previous pyonephrosis. All of the nephrectomies were performed using the transperitoneal approach, and a similar technique was used for radical nephrectomy. RESULTS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of renal chronic inflammation was successful in 58/66 cases (87.9%). Eight cases were converted to the open technique because of difficulty in progression, which was related to the discovery of dense adhesions in the hilar or perirenal region. One major (colonic lesion) and two minor (wound infection) complications occurred in the conversion group. A diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was confirmed pathologically for all of the specimens. Of the factors examined, a longitudinal renal length greater than 12 cm (laparoscopy group - 7.2±1.8 cm, versus open group - 13.6±1.5 cm; p<0.05) and time to access the renal vessels (laparoscopy group - 32±18 min, versus open group - 91±11 min; p<0.05) were associated with a higher conversion rate. Although the number of patients in the conversion group was small, the majority of these patients received right-sided nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is feasible and associated with low levels of morbidity. Factors including the time required to control the renal vessels, renal length and right-sided nephrectomy were associated with higher chances of conversion into an open procedure.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

We conducted this study at Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Centre on thirty nine histopathologically proved XGP. Clinical, laboratory, radiological features and treatment modalities, histopathological correlation and possible risk factors are presented. We reviewed the computed charts of thirty nine patients with XGP seen at our centre, between January 1992 and July 2006. Demographic data of patients, laboratory and imaging studies, treatment modalities and perioperative complication were discussed. There were 13% of cases below 18 years of age, and 87% more than 18 years. Flank pain was the major presenting complaint in 82%, and discharging sinus in 10%, the second. All patients had normal renal function tests, rheumatoid factor [RF] was positive in about 48.7%, urine culture sensitivity was positive for bacterial growth in 48.7%, nephrolithiasis were found in 84,6%, there was one case with focal XGP which was treated by partial nephrectomy and another case underwent pyelolithotomy with partial nephrectomy while the remaining 37 cases underwent total nephrectomy one of them via laproscopy. Perioperative complication included, pleural tear [3 patients], colonic injury [one patient], septicaemia [5 patients] and hepatic injury [one patient]. The aetiology of XGP remains a mystery although it is usually associated with urinary tract obstruction, infection and urolithiasis and this issue is supported in our series and we noticed that rheumatoid factor is positive in almost half [48,7%] of cases, which could be attributed as a risk factor. Perinephric discharging sinus was not uncommon [10% of our cases]. Because of chronicity and massive fibrosis the perioperative complicatons were significant so diligent dissection was required. Attacks of pain, positive RF with or without nephrolithiasis and perinephric collection raise the suspicion of XGP and more conservative treatment modalities can be applied, since there have been reports of successful medical treatment of focal XGP

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a child

A case of xanthogranuloma of kidney in a child is presented, which was clinically diagnosed as a case of renal tumor. Nephrectomy with subsequent histopathology revealed Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

Fístula nefrobrônquica em paciente com infecção por "Pasteurella aerogenes" / Nephrobronchial fistula due to Pastereula aerogenes infection

Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente com nefrolitíase que, após submeter-se a uma litotripsia, evoluiu com pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa, fístula nefrobrônquica, abscesso pulmonar e septicemia. O tratamento incluiu drenagem da loja renal, drenagem tubular da pleura e do abscesso pulmonar por toracotomia e nefrectomia direita. A bactéria isolada, tanto da loja renal, quanto do abscesso pulmonar, foi a Pasteurella aerogenes, sendo este o primeiro caso na literatura médica mundial relacionado a este patógeno

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa en la infancia: presentación de 3 casos / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children: presentation of 3 cases

Se analizan las historias clínicas de 3 pacientes en edades pediátricas, los cuales se estudiaron y cuyo diagnóstico fue de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa, en el período comprendido entre 1985 y 1995. Dos enfermos pertenecían al sexo masculino y 1 al femenino. Todos los pacientes tenían antecedentes de sepsis urinaria, y se comportaron, desde el punto de vista radiológico: 1 con ausencia de eliminación renal, otro con ureteronefrosis y el último como una variedad pseudotumoral renal. A los 3 se les realizó nefrectomía y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente, lo que precisó el diagnóstico posoperatorio. Se revisó la literatura médica nacional e internacional

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: comunicación de tres casos en Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México / Xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis: report of three cases in Tepatitlán, Jalisco

Se presentan tres casos de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa, dos varones con litiadis coraliforme (uno de ellos diabético), y el tercero, una mujer diabética sin litiasis. Los estudios de imágenes aportaron datos suficientes para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio primario de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa. El tratamiento consistió en triple esquema de antibióticos, y nefrectomía con drenaje

Nefropatías atípicas como causa de nefrectomías en la edad pediátrica / Atypical nephropaties leading to nephrectomy in children

El porcentaje de unidades renales que deben ser extirpadas en la edad pediátrica ha disminuido, gracias al desarrollo de técnicas de diagnóstico precoz y a la aparición de tratamientos quirúrgicos alternativos como la cirugía de banco, las embolizaciones selectivas y el gran avance de la edoscopía renal.Sin embargo un cierto número de patologías nefrourológicas no tienen otra alternativa que la nefrectomía para eliminar el riesgo vital que suponen para el enfermo.Se presentan tres nefropatías, atípicas en la edad pediátrica,cuya evolución obligó a la extirpación del riñón patológico.Se trataba de una pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa que afectaba todo el riñón derecho una hematuria esencial de evolución maligna cuyo diagnóstico etiológico no pudo ser establecido,incluso en el estudio histopatológico y una hipertención secundaria a múltiples anuerismas intrarenales localizados exclusivamente en el riñón derecho

Pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa: relato de cinco casos e revisäo da literatura / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: report of five cases and review of the literature

Os autores descrevem cinco casos de pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa em mulheres com idades variando entre 22 e 67 anos e fazem uma revisäo da literatura a respeito dessa instigante afecçäo. Uma paciente (caso 3) apresentou-se em franca insuficiência renal e com sinais de doença bilateral. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à nefrectomia. Em dois casos (4 e 5) suspeitou-se do diagnóstico no pré-operatório: ambas as pacientes exibiam uma massa no flanco esquerdo acompanhada, no caso 4, de um extenso derrame pleural ipsilateral e, no caso 5, de drenagem de material purulento ao nível da regiäo lombar. No caso 1, no sexto dia pós-operatório, desenvolveu-se uma fístula estercoral, fazendo-se necessária a realizaçäo de uma colostomia transversa seguida, nove meses depois, da reconstituiçäo do trânsito intestinal.

Pérdida de peso mayor de 30 kg en un enfermo con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa / Loss of more than 30 kg of body weight in a case of xantogranulomatous pyelone phritis

Se presenta el caso de un varón con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa izquierda acompañada de estrechez de uretra y cálculo renal coraliforme. Uno de los síntomas más sobresalientes fue la pérdida de peso mayor de 30 kg. El urocultivo fue negativo. La infiltración patológica correspondió a la etapa III. el paciente había aumentado 2 kg de peso a los 45 días del periodo postoperatorio

Pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa / Pyelonephritis xanthogranulomatous

O autor relata um caso de pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa e revisa a literatura referente ao assunto.

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa / Xantogranulomatous pielonephritis

La pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa (PXG) es una lesión inflamatoria crónica del riñon poco frecuente, relacionada con la obstrucción renal crónica y la infección urinaria recurrente. Puede simular cualquier cuadro inflamatorio o neoplásico haciendo difícil su diagnóstico preoperatorio. Hay pocos casos descritos en la literatura y en el medio nacional no encontramos información al respecto. Presentamos una serie de 17 pacientes tratados en nuestro servicio en un período de 20 años

Pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa na criança: relato de um caso / Xanthogranulomotous pyelonephritis in child: a case report

Os autores apresentam um caso de pielonefrite xantogranulomatoso em uma criança de sexo masculino, de quatro anos, tratada cirurgicamente com sucesso. Tecem, também algumas consideraçöes sobre a patologia em questäo, com base na literatura, chamando a atençäo para a raridade de sua ocorrência em crianças

Pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa, carcinoma de células transicionais da pélvis renal e pionefrose calculosa: uma rara associaçäo / Xanthogranulomatosus pyelonephritis, transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and calculous pyonephrosis: a rare association

Descreve-se a associaçäo entre pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa, carcinoma de células transicionais da pélvis renal e pionefrose por cálculo coraliforme em uma paciente jovem do sexo feminino que, submetida a tratamento cirúrgico e quimioterápico, apresentou sobrevida de 21 meses. Embora a associaçäo entre carcinoma de células transicionais da via excretora e calculose urinária näo constitua raridade (9,25%), näo existem relatos na literatura sobre presença simultânea desta com pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa